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韵母Finals
现代汉语普通话的语音共有三十九个韵母，韵母是由元音或元音加鼻辅音构成的，可分为三类。
(1)只包含一个元音的是单韵母，如a,o.
(2)包含两三个元音的是复韵母，如ai,ua,iao.
(3)包含一两个元音和一个鼻音韵尾的是鼻韵母，如an,üan,eng,iong.
The phonetic symbols of Putonghua (Standard Chinese) in Modern Chinese comprises 39 finals that are composed of vowel or vowel followed by nasal consonants. These finals fall into three categories:
(1) simple finals which have only a single vowel, e.g.: a, o
(2) multi-finals which have two or three vowels, e.g.: ai, ua, iao, iou
(3) nasal finals which consist of one or two vowels and a nasal consonant e.g.: an, üan, eng, iong

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation a:口大开，舌位低平，不圆唇。 The mouth is wide open. The tongue is flat and at its lowest position. The lips are not rounded.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation o:口半开，舌位稍高，圆唇。 The mouth is half open. The tongue is flat and at its lowest position. The lips are not rounded.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation e:开口度和舌位与o相同，但不圆唇。可先发o，然后嘴角稍向两边展开。 The opening of the mouth and the position of the tongue are identical with that for "o", but the lips are not rounded. It can be produced by pronouncing "o" and then spreading the lips towards the two sides.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation i:口微开，舌位高，偏前，舌尖自然抵住下齿，嘴角向两边展开，双唇呈扁平形。 The opening of the mouth is narrow. The tongue raised and pushed forward towards the position naturally against the lower teeth. the lips spread to the two sides into a flat position.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation u:口微开，舌后缩，舌面后部上升接近软腭，双唇紧缩呈圆形，只留一个小孔。 The opening of the mouth is narrow. The tongue is held back with its back raised close to the soft palate. The lips are forced into a narrow and round position with only a small opening left.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation ü:舌位与i相同，但双唇尽量收缩呈圆形。 It is pronounced with the tongue in position for i, but the lips are forced into a round position.

声母Initials
普通话语音共有二十一个声母，声母是音节开头的辅音。
The phonetic symbols of putonghua comprises 21 initials that are consonants beginning a syllable.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation b:双唇不送气清塞音。双唇紧闭，阴住气流，然后松开双唇放出气流。声带不振动。 An unaspirated voiceless plosive sound. It is pronounced by keeping the lips tightly closed to block the air ,but then opening them to let the air out. The vocal cord does not vibrate.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation p:双唇送气清塞音。发音部位与b相同，但要使气流猛地从口中冲出。声带不振动。是与b相对应的送气音。 An unaspirated voiceless plosive sound. It is pronounced in position for "b", but explodes with a strong puff of air . The vocal cords do not vibrate . It is a corresponding sound to "b " but an aspirated one.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation m:双唇浊鼻。双唇紧闭，软腭下垂，让气流从鼻腔出来。声带振动。 An unaspirated bilabial nasal. It is pronounced by keeping the lips tightly closed and the soft palate dropped to force the air out through the nose. The vocal cord vibrates.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation f:唇齿清擦音。下唇和上齿接触，形成一条狭缝，气流从狭缝中磨擦而出。声带不振动。 An aspirated voiceless alveolar plosive . It is pronoumced by raising the tongue tip against the upper teethridge to block the air and then putting it down to release the air. The vocal cord does not vibrate.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation d:舌尖不送气清塞音。舌尖顶住上齿龈，阴住气流，然后移下舌尖，放出气流。声带不振动。 An unaspirated voiceless alveolar plosive. It is pronounced by raising the tongue tip against the upper teethridge to block the air and then putting it down to release the air. The vocal cord does not vibrate.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation t:舌尖不送气清塞音。发音部位与d相同，但要使气流猛地从口中冲出。声带不振动。是与d相对的送气音。 An aspirated voiceless alveolar plosive. It is pronounced in position for "d", but explodes with a strong puff of air. It is an aspirated equivalent of "d".

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation n:舌尖浊鼻音。舌尖位置比"η"稍后，使气流从舌前部两边出来。声带振动。 An voiced alveolar nasal. It is pronounced with the tongue tip a little behind the position for "n" to allow the air to run out from both sides of the blade. The vocal cord vibrates.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation l:舌尖浊边音。舌尖位置比n稍后。使气流从舌前部两边出来。声带振动。 A voiced alveolar lateral. It is pronounced with the tongue tip a little behind the position for "n" to allow the air to run out from bothsides of the blade. The vocal cord vibrates.

声母Initials
普通话语音共有二十一个声母，声母是音节开头的辅音。
The phonetic symbols of putonghua comprises 21 initials that are consonants beginning a syllable.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation g:舌根不送气清塞音。舌根顶住软腭，阴住气流，然后移下舌根放出气流。声带不振动。 An unaspirated voiceless velar plosive. It is pronounced by raising the back of the tongue against the soft palate to block the air, and then putting it down to release the air. The vocal cord does not vibrate.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation k:舌根送气清塞音。发音部位与g相同，但要使气流猛地从口中冲出。声带不振动。是与g 相对应的送气音。 An aspirated voiceless velar plosive. It is pronounced with the mouth in position for "g" , but explodes with a strong puff of air. The vocal cord does not vibrate. It is an aspirated equivalent of "g".

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation h:舌根清擦音。舌根隆起，接近软腭，形成一狭狭缝，气流从狭缝中磨擦而出。声带不振动。 A voiceless velar fricative. It is pronounced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate to make a narrow passage for the air to be expelled with friction. The vocal cord does not vibrate.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation j:舌面不送气清擦音。舌尖抵下齿背，舌面前部贴住硬腭，阻住气流，然后移下舌面放出气流。声带不振动。 This is an unaspirated voiceless palatal affricate. This sound is pronounced by first putting the tip of the tongue against the lower teeth and blocking the air with its front part against the hard palate, and the dropping to release the air. The vocal cords do not vibrate.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation q:舌面送气清塞擦音。舌面靠近硬腭，形成一条狭缝，流从狭缝中磨擦而出。 An aspirted voiceless palatal affricate. It is an aspirated equivalent of "j".

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation x:知面轻擦音。舌面靠近硬腭，形成一条狭缝，气流从狭缝中磨擦而出。 A voiceless palatal fricative. It is pronounced by raising the tongue close to the hard palate to expel the air with friction through the narrow passage.

声母Initials
普通话语音共有二十一个声母，声母是音节开头的辅音。
The phonetic symbols of putonghua comprises 21 initials that are consonants beginning a syllable.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation z:舌尖前不送气塞擦音。舌尖向前平伸，顶住上齿背，阻住气流，然后下移舌尖，使气流从狭缝中磨擦而出。声带不振动。 An unaspirated voiceless blade-alveolar affricate. It is pronounced by putting forward the tongue to block the air with its tip against the upper teeth ridge, and then dropping the tip to release the air with friction through the narrow passage. The vocal cord does not vibrate.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation c:舌尖前送气塞擦音。是与z相对应的关气音。 An aspiratded blade-alveolar affricate. It is an aspirated equivalent of [z].

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation s:舌尖前清擦音。舌尖平伸接近上齿背，形成一条狭缝，气流从狭缝中磨擦而出。 A voiceless blade-alveolar fricative. It is produced by putting forward the tongue tip to a position close to the upper teeth ridge to make a narrow passage for the air to run out through with friction.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation zh:舌尖后不送气清塞擦音。舌尖向上翘起，顶住硬腭前部，阻住气流，然后使气流从舌尖与腭间的狭缝中摩擦而出。声带不振动。 An unaspirated voiceless blade-palatal affricate. It is pronounced by turning up the tongue tip against the front part of the hard palate to block the air and then releasing it through the narrowing of the air passage between the tongue tip and the hard palate. The vocal cord does not vibrate.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation ch:舌尖后送气清塞音。发音部位与zh 相同，但要尽量使气流从狭缝中冲出。声带不振动。是与zh 相对应的送气音。 An aspirated voiceless blade-palatal affricate. It is pronounced in position of "zh", but the air should be forced out through the narrow passage. The vocal cord does not vibrate. It is an aspirated equivalent of "zh".

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation sh:舌尖后清塞擦音。舌尖向上翘起，接近硬腭，形成一条狭缝使气流摩擦而出。声带不振动。 A voiceless blade-palatal fricative. It is pronounced by turning up the tongue tip close to the hard palate to make a narrow passage through which the air escapes with friction. The vocal cord does not vibrate.

声母Initials
普通话语音共有二十一个声母，声母是音节开头的辅音。
The phonetic symbols of putonghua comprises 21 initials that are consonants beginning a syllable.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation r:舌尖后浊擦音。发音部位与sh 相同，但摩擦力软轻，声带振动。 A voiced blade-palatal fricative. It is pronunced in position for "sh" ,but the friction is soft. The vocal cord vibrates.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation w:w和y一样也是特殊符号，不能独立构成音节。它只代表u，也只在某些自成音节的拼音组合中出现。元音u在汉语中只能作为一个拼音字母，在它逢成音节时，前面要加w。变成[wu]在[ua]、[uai]、[uo]等复韵母自成音节时，u要变成w 写作[wa]、[wai]、[wo]。 Same as y, w also special sign, can't form syllable alone. It only expresses u, and appears in some Pin-Yin joinder of standing as a alones. The vowel u can only become one Pin-Yin character in Chinese, when it forms syllable alone should add w before it, becomes [wu]. When [ua],[uai],[uo] etc. Compound vowles form syllable alone, chang u to w, are writted as [wa],[wai],[wo].

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation y:在汉语拼音中是一个比较特殊的符号，它不能独立构成音节。它有时代表i，有时代表ü。一般总在某些自成音节的拼音组合中出现。 如元音i和ü都只是一个拼音字母在它们自成音节时，前面都要加上y变成[yi]、[yu] (ü上面的两点要去掉)[ia]、[ie]、[ian]等复韵母自成音节时应写成y，即[ya]、[ye]、[yan]。 [iu]是一个特殊的复韵母，它在自成音节时写作[you]。 y在代表ü时，与y代表i时不同，在ü的前面加上y，同时去掉两点，而不是将ü换成y。 y is special sign in Chinese Pin-Yin, it can't form syllable alone. It sometimes expresses I and ü. In general, it always appears in some Pin-Yin joinder form of standing as a syllable alone. Exalple: The vowelü and I are all only one Pin-Yin characted. When standing as a syllable as a syllable alone, they should be added y before them. Their forms are [yi],[yu] (erase two dot upon ü). When [ia], [ie],[ian] etc. Compound finals forms syllable alone, I should be written y ,so their forms are [ya], [ye], [yan]. [iu] is a special compound final, when it forms syllables alone, is written as [you]. When y express ü, different from y express I, should add y before ü, meantime erase two dot rather than replace y.

韵母Finals
现代汉语普通话的语音共有三十九个韵母，韵母是由元音或元音加鼻辅音构成的，可分为三类。
(1)只包含一个元音的是单韵母，如a,o.
(2)包含两三个元音的是复韵母，如ai,ua,iao.
(3)包含一两个元音和一个鼻音韵尾的是鼻韵母，如an,üan,eng,iong.
The phonetic symbols of Putonghua (Standard Chinese) in Modern Chinese comprises 39 finals that are composed of vowel or vowel followed by nasal consonants. These finals fall into three categories:
(1) simple finals which have only a single vowel, e.g.: a, o
(2) multi-finals which have two or three vowels, e.g.: ai, ua, iao, iou
(3) nasal finals which consist of one or two vowels and a nasal consonant e.g.: an, üan, eng, iong

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation ai:是复韵母。前一个元音开口度大，发音长而响亮；后一个元音开口度小，发音短而轻，比较模糊。从前一个元音到后一个元音是自然滑行，不能跳跃。 Compound finals. The former vowel is more open, longer and louder while the latter one is narrow, short, weak and blurred. It is imperative to have a natural glide but not a sudden change from the former to the latter.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation ei:是复韵母。前一个元音开口度大，发音长而响亮；后一个元音开口度小，发音短而轻，比较模糊。从前一个元音到后一个元音是自然滑行，不能跳跃。 Compound finals. The former vowel is more open, longer and louder while the latter one is narrow, short, weak and blurred. It is imperative to have a natural glide but not a sudden change from the former to the latter.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation ui:是复韵母。前一个元音开口度大，发音长而响亮；后一个元音开口度小，发音短而轻，比较模糊。从前一个元音到后一个元音是自然滑行，不能跳跃。 Compound finals. The former vowel is more open, longer and louder while the latter one is narrow, short, weak and blurred. It is imperative to have a natural glide but not a sudden change from the former to the latter.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation ao:是复韵母。前一个元音开口度大，发音长而响亮；后一个元音开口度小，发音短而轻，比较模糊。从前一个元音到后一个元音是自然滑行，不能跳跃。 Compound finals. The former vowel is more open, longer and louder while the latter one is narrow, short, weak and blurred. It is imperative to have a natural glide but not a sudden change from the former to the latter.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation ou:是复韵母。前一个元音开口度大，发音长而响亮；后一个元音开口度小，发音短而轻，比较模糊。从前一个元音到后一个元音是自然滑行，不能跳跃。 Compound finals. The former vowel is more open, longer and louder while the latter one is narrow, short, weak and blurred. It is imperative to have a natural glide but not a sudden change from the former to the latter.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation iu:是复韵母。前一个元音开口度大，发音长而响亮；后一个元音开口度小，发音短而轻，比较模糊。从前一个元音到后一个元音是自然滑行，不能跳跃。 Compound finals. The former vowel is more open, longer and louder while the latter one is narrow, short, weak and blurred. It is imperative to have a natural glide but not a sudden change from the former to the latter.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation ie:是复韵母。前一个元音开口度小，发音短而轻，很快滑向后一个元音后一个元音开口度大，发音长而响亮。 Compound finals. The first vowel is pronounced by making the mouth opening narrow and the sound soft and short, and then it glides quickly to the second vowel which is formed by opening the mouth widely and is long and loud.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation üe:是复韵母。发前一个元音时，又唇收缩成圆形。然后很快滑向后一个元音。 üe 在自成章节时分别写作yue。 Compound finals. When you pronounce the first vowel the lips are forced into a round position. Then glides quickly to the second vowel. üe change respectively to "yue" in written forms when standing as a syllable alone.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation er:是卷舌韵母。口半开，舌面平放，在发e 音的同时，舌尖向上轻翘接近硬腭，随即放下，发出er音。er自成音节。 er 有时和前一个音节的韵母结全成为儿化的韵母。汉字写作"儿"（ér），如：哪儿。 It is a retroflex final. [er] is produced by first half opening the mouth and placing the tongue flat, and then , when "[e]" is made, raising the tongue tip close to the hard palate and putting it down again immediately. "er" forms a syllable alone. Sometimes, "er" is combined with another final in the preceding syllable to form a retroflex ending. The Chinese character for "er" is "儿" (ér); such as :哪儿。

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation an:是鼻韵母。n是舌尖鼻音韵尾，也叫前鼻音韵尾。先发元音，紧接着将舌尖抵向上齿背，使气流从鼻腔出来。 Nasal finals. [-n] is an alveolar nasal consonant or a front nasal consonant. The nasal finals are pronounced by first producing the vowel and then placing the tongue tip against the back of the upper teeth to force the air out through the nose.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation en:是鼻韵母。n是舌尖鼻音韵尾，也叫前鼻音韵尾。先发元音，紧接着将舌尖抵向上齿背，使气流从鼻腔出来。 Nasal finals. [-n] is an alveolar nasal consonant or a front nasal consonant. The nasal finals are pronounced by first producing the vowel and then placing the tongue tip against the back of the upper teeth to force the air out through the nose.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation in:是舌尖鼻韵母。 [in] is a front nasal final.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation un:是鼻韵母。在发第一个元音时，首先要圆唇，然后，很快滑向后一个音节。舌根低向软腭，使气流从鼻腔出来。 [un] is a nasal final. When pronounce the first final, you should round your lips, and then it glides quickly to the second vowel. The tongue presses its back against the soft palate and releases the air through the nose.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation ün:是舌尖鼻韵母。在发第一个元音时，首先要圆唇，然后，很快滑向后一个音节。舌根抵向软腭，使气流从鼻腔出来。 [ün] is a nasal final. When pronounce the first final, you should round your lips, and then it glides quickly to the second vowel. The tongue presses its back against the soft palate and releases the air through the nose.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation ang:是鼻韵母。[-ng]是舌根鼻音韵尾，也叫后鼻音韵尾。发完元音，紧接着将舌后缩，舌根抵向软腭，使气流从鼻腔出来。 Nasal finals. [-ng] is a velar nasal consonant, or a back nasal consonant. These nasal finals are pronounced by drawing back the tongue and pressing its back against the soft palate as soon as the vowel is produced to release the air through the nose.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation eng:是鼻韵母。[-ng]是舌根鼻音韵尾，也叫后鼻音韵尾。发完元音，紧接着将舌后缩，舌根抵向软腭，使气流从鼻腔出来。 Nasal finals. [-ng] is a velar nasal consonant, or a back nasal consonant. These nasal finals are pronounced by drawing back the tongue and pressing its back against the soft palate as soon as the vowel is produced to release the air through the nose.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation ing:是鼻韵母。[-ng]是舌根鼻音韵尾，也叫后鼻音韵尾。发完元音，紧接着将舌后缩，舌根抵向软腭，使气流从鼻腔出来。 Nasal finals. [-ng] is a velar nasal consonant, or a back nasal consonant. These nasal finals are pronounced by drawing back the tongue and pressing its back against the soft palate as soon as the vowel is produced to release the air through the nose.

发音要领Essentials of Pronunciation ong:是鼻韵母。[-ng]是舌根鼻音韵尾，也叫后鼻音韵尾。发完元音，紧接着将舌后缩，舌根抵向软腭，使气流从鼻腔出来。 Nasal finals. [-ng] is a velar nasal consonant, or a back nasal consonant. These nasal finals are pronounced by drawing back the tongue and pressing its back against the soft palate as soon as the vowel is produced to release the air through the nose.

声母Initials
普通话语音共有二十一个声母，声母是音节开头的辅音。
The phonetic symbols of putonghua comprises 21 initials that are consonants beginning a syllable.

韵母Finals
现代汉语普通话的语音共有三十九个韵母，韵母是由元音或元音加鼻辅音构成的，可分为三类。
(1)只包含一个元音的是单韵母，如a,o.
(2)包含两三个元音的是复韵母，如ai,ua,iao.
(3)包含一两个元音和一个鼻音韵尾的是鼻韵母，如an,üan,eng,iong.
The phonetic symbols of Putonghua (Standard Chinese) in Modern Chinese comprises 39 finals that are composed of vowel or vowel followed by nasal consonants. These finals fall into three categories:
(1) simple finals which have only a single vowel, e.g.: a, o
(2) multi-finals which have two or three vowels, e.g.: ai, ua, iao, iou
(3) nasal finals which consist of one or two vowels and a nasal consonant e.g.: an, üan, eng, iong

音节Syllables
汉语里大多数音节是由声母、韵母和声调三部分构成的。少数音节只有韵母和声调，没有声母。普通话的章节共有一千二百多个。
Most Syllables in Chinese are composed of initials, finals and tones. A small number of syllables, however,have only finals and tones, but not initials, eg. There are as many as 1200 syllables in putonghua.

声调Tones
汉语是有声调的语言。普通话语音有四个基本声调，可分别用符号表示如下。
Chinese is a tonal language. There are four basic tones in putonghua as shown by the following tone marks.
(1)第一声 The first tone高平调，用声调符号“-”表示，如mē。
The High and level Tone shown by "-", eg.mē
(2)第二声 The second tone 升调，用声调符号“ˊ” 表示，如mé。
The Rising Tone shown by"ˊ" eg.mé
(3)第三声 The third tone 降升调，用声调符号“ˇ”表示，如mě。
The Falling-and-Rising Tone shown by "ˇ" eg.mě
(4)第四声 The fourth tone 降调，用声调符号“ˋ”表示，如mè。
The Falling Tone shown by "ˋ" eg.mè